buy custom Universal Healthcare essay

buy custom Universal Healthcare essay In reference to the health care system, a single-payer health care system where only one administrator or a payer usually a government run organization, is charged with the responsibility of collecting all healthcare fees and also paying out all the health care costs from one pool of resource. Under this system, all doctors, hospitals and any other health provider in the state bills each entity separately for the service provided (Preker, 2005). However, in the disintegrated profit health care system, there is the presence of numerous, tens of thousands of autonomous health care organizations (HMOs) and billing agencies. This system is characterized by enormous waste of administrative resources. This paper compares and contrasts the two health care systems in terms of access, economics, administration and perspective of the patients. Contrast In terms of the access and benefits to the community, the single payer is different from the profit health care system in that health care is based on the need for the benefit and not on the ability to pay. Under the single payer, every citizen is entitled to and receives comprehensive health benefits under a medical cover that provides services for long term and home care, rehabilitation, prescription drugs, mental health care and both preventive and public health measures. On the issue of payment, hospital billing is non-existence, the hospitals ask for funding from the government pool to cover all their operating costs (Preker, 2005). The central authority is charged with budgeting for different issues such as hospital expansion, marketing and technological acquisition. Here in, the government acts as an employer and not an employer. In the profit health care system, each organization is charged with taking payment from the numerous insurance agencies in the states ad its persona l budgets for expansion. There are overall high administrative costs in the provision of profit health care system. This is due to the fact that each organization personally has departments dealing with the billing and collection of funds from the insurance providers (Sherrow, 2009). Such costs are minimal in the single payer health care system because the organization just collects funds from one payer; the government. The general accounting office approximates an average saving of 10% due to elimination of those private insurance bills coupled with administrative costs. A single payer health care system is essential in cost containment. An economic study in the 2004 published in a medicine journal (The New England Journal of Medicine) approximated that the introduction of a single payer health care system would realize a reduction in the cost of health care provision by about US$ 400 billion. Consequently, the trickle-down-effect would ensure that individuals pay less to receive the same level of service due to elimination of deductibles and copayments. The multi-payer profit oriented health care system presents the policy makers with complicated challenges in implementing a health care coordinated comprehensive policy. The single-payer on the contrary would be the simplest and also the most efficient health care system to be implemented and overseen by the legislators. Due to the ability to be effectively implemented, the system would also be successful. However, due to the centralized implementation, many business organizations in the facilitation of the health care system would go out of business. The insurance agencies, the organizations charged with the collection of funds among others would lose their businesses under the single-payer health care system. Similarities Both these health care systems have not been successful in the handling of the basic issue in the health care system; making the health care system affordable to the average citizen. The profit oriented health care system is depicted by the people paying more for each higher level of health care provided. The more that the person pays; the better the health care service provided. The single payer does not effectively provide the solution for the poor citizens. By making the health care accessible to all, the government has to raise taxes to cover for the broad health care scheme. The cost is therefore transferred to the consumers of the health care in terms of taxes. The poor citizens continue being overburdened by the scheme in terms of taxes, just like the profit oriented scheme would in terms of insurance contribution. Moreover, there is similarity between the two schemes in that they are both depicted by bureaucratic red tape especially in the collection of the funds by the health care providing organizations. Collection of payments from the numerous insurance agencies as well as the corresponding agency in the single payer health care system is a common challenge that both schemes have not been able to resolve. Conclusion Due to the capitalism and the free market enterprise that has thrived in the US economy since the founding of the nation, the profit oriented health care system has thrived at the expense of the single-payer health system and hence the universal health care system for all. The health care system debate has widely been confined to the politics of the nation with the proponents being branded communists. The debate should be based on the economics and the social effects of the scheme rather than the mere politics involved. Buy custom Universal Healthcare essay

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Property Law Asessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Property Law Asessment - Essay Example Private express trust which is governed by the precedent set by the case of Knight vs Knight of 1830. It sets out three certainties which need to be met in order for a trust to be met. These are certainty of matter, object and word. The followings are legal advise that Leo needs to know concerning the clauses in his draft will. 1. Under the law of trusts, for a disposition to be valid, three certainties must be met. Certaintyof matter, objects and words. Certainty of matter is Leos building shares, of intention is when he says that income from his building shares to go to Ben as long as he lives and of object is Ben himself2. This disposition is a fixed trust. In the case of Re Endacott 1959, a fixed trust is identified as the ability to identify the lists of beneficiaries. Here, Ben is a beneficiary therefore this trust is valid. 2. This disposition is a private express trust. In the case involving Knight vs. Knight3, three certainties must be present for a valid trust and Kassim be ing the only beneficiary, this trust is therefore a bare trust. The subject matter and intention of the testator is not clear in this situation since the word reasonable is vague. Leo has not given a precise value of what Kassim needs to earn from his blue chip companies.In the 1965 case of Golays Trust4, the word reasonable was extensively analyzed and it was allowed to stand in the legal principles of defining certainty of subject matter. The intention of Leo under this dispension is unclear and the case of Re Adams and the Kensington Vestry of 18845 analyzes if this disposition is valid. The case used the words in full confidence, and it failed because the words were not sufficientto create a trust. Another case, of Musoori Bank ltd andRaynor of 18826 used the words,In full confidence and the court ruled that words such as that cannot create a valid trust.Under the case Palmer vs. Simmonds 1854, the word bulk was used and it was considered insufficient in writing a will, since th e word itself is vague. Under similar circumstances, the word reasonable is vague and it requires more clarity from Leo. Therefore this trust is void. 3. Ben and Toby are the only beneficiaries of this disposition making this a fixed trust under the certainty of object law. However there is a possibility of Ben dying before making a choice and therefore this disposition is invalid under the principles set out in the Boyce and Boyce 1849 case. Where the testator gave one of his daughter, Maria a choice of taking one of his houses before his other daughter Charlotte. Maria died before choosing any house making the will void. Using this principles of this case, the trust will be void. 4. This is an example of a public express trust. Under the case of Knight vs. Knight, 1830, for a public express trust to be valid, there must be three certainties. Certainty of words, subject matter and objects. Under this case, there is certainty of subjects that are Sonya and Adaeze and certainty of ob jects that is the residuary estate. However, the word bulk is not certain. Under the case Palmer vs Simmonds 18547, the word bulk was found to be vague therefore using the same principles of Palmer and Simmonds, this trust is void. 5. This disposition is a purpose trust and under the law, it will not hold. The 1876 case of Musset vs Bingle 8prevented the erection of monuments for an individual and under the draft will; there are no beneficiaries for the monument. The case Morice vs. Bishop of

Terrorism in the modern world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Terrorism in the modern world - Essay Example The issue is further complicated when governments adopt violent tactics in the pursuit of their interests, provoking accusations of state terrorism. The quotation mentioned above from Giannini Riotta, speaking as the Deputy Editor of the Spanish newspaper Corriera del Sera, was made in the wake of the September 11th terrorist attacks of 2001 in the United States. The force of his statement is to argue that whereas terrorists formerly tried to gain publicity by staging events that the media could report on, they have now begun to specifically target media networks because in this way a terrorist â€Å"understands that that’s the right way to paralyse our world.† (Riotta, 2005) It is important at the outset to be clear about our definition of terrorism, as opposed to other activities which may involve some degree of violence tied to political motives. Wilkinson identifies five key features of terrorism: 1) It is premeditated and designed to create a climate of extreme fea r; 2) It is directed at a wider target than the immediate victims; 3) It inherently involves attacks on random or symbolic targets, including civilians; 4) It is considered by the society in which it occurs as ‘extra-normal’, that is in the literal sense that it violates the norms regulating disputes, protest and dissent; and 5) It is used primarily, though not exclusively, to influence the political behaviour of governments, communities or specific social groups. (Wilkinson, 1997, p.51) It is clear from each of these characteristics that a key distinguishing feature of terrorism is its intention to reach a far greater number of people than those immediately affected by any terrorist act. The media play a crucial role in providing a mechanism for passing on information, fear and all sorts of ideas from the terrorist group to the public at large. Journalists and editors have a responsibility to report the truth, and considerable lee-way in how they frame the facts and co mment on the issues. It is possible, for example, to report both the concerns of the terrorists and the dreadful consequences of their acts on innocent civilians, thus eroding arguments of terrorists by illustrating their disregard for human life. Journalists are not simply being used by terrorists, because they are responsible for what they write. Schmid and de Graaf focus on the modern mass media’s insatiable hunger for specatacle and drama and recommend a system in which journalists should have a voluntary code of conduct in reporting on terrorism and navigating the many moral dilemmas that arise in this field. Using the example of the 1985 hijacking of TWA Flight 847 by Lebanese Shia terrorists, Schmid and de Graf demonstrate the leverage which was gained by the hijackers, thanks to the mass media filming and commentating of the unfolding events. (Schmid and de Graaf, 1982, pp. 539-555) The visual elements of this â€Å"spectacle† ensured that it remained on televi sions and in newspapers throughout the world over several days while governments negotiated with the hijackers. The media sold many copies and filled many hours of airtime with commentary and debate, and this dependence of Western media on commercial income through sales can lead to a tendency to hype up and sensationalise terrorist activities. In the 1970s and 1980s there was an increase in the number of international terrorist activit

Jill Thompsons Proposal To Decentralise The Rules Commerce Essay

Jill Thompsons Proposal To Decentralise The Rules Commerce Essay I surely believe that his activity of decentralization can effect on company significantly. His first step was amazing, to analyze what is wrong, what he has to do to solve the problems, why the company research output and manufacturing productivity had steadily declined. After he had found the problems he started decentralization. I think decentralization of rules is a first step for recovering Bosco Plastic. It is because the previous one was made wrong, unplanned and haphazardly. Moreover the rules and procedures of the company was the same for every employees and time table for them was too flexible. For example labor could come whenever they wanted between 8:00 and 10:00 and leave after 9 hours. It is uncommon for company which has 400 employees. Time table has to be strongly made individually or divided into groups. There are must be the time when labor has to arrive and the time when they leave. This touches also breaks. The time table of employees directly connected with prod uctivity. By the way the situation on developing area was also even worse . There were not excellent conditions for engineers and chemist. The punching machine was broken and even if there was opportunity to make something new it was too difficult to put on production. To sum up, to make decentralization better Jill can make a research and analyze the situation more carefully. It is very important to make rules with the help of supervisors, managers and employees. 1.1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and cultures Organizational structure is a common principles on which the organizations management structure is built and the process controlled. That means organizational structure illustrates schematic interaction between different labors. There is always a need for a people in the business to know who is in charge, what is their role and who turn to if there is any problem. All of these questions could be answered by organizational structure. It is important to know that different firms have structured differently. A structure of enterprise relies on the organizations strategy and objectives. Types of organizational structures:C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBob.jpg Line organizational structure (figure 1) is the simplest hierarchical management structure, also known as a bureaucratic. Line structure consists of chief and several subordinate employees, large companies can also have up to 3 to 4 or more levels of hierarchy. Fifure 1 Source (http://www.bscdesigner.com/setting-up-balanced-scorecard-concept-for-business-hierarchy.htm) Functional Structure is described in figure 2. As we see from the name the main idea of the structure is to divide company into several specialized group, ie each controller is specialized in the implementation of specific activities or departments. Each group has own responsibilities, duty and they are not connected directly. For example financial controller is not able to influence to customer service. However customer service manager can influence to planning manager because planning manager is one of the department of customer service.. C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOB790550803004.png This structure is best suited for firms which produce standardized goods or services at low cost and large volumes. Product Based Structure C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBdesign5.gif In this type of structure firms divided by products, projects or geography. This allows a company to have a particular focus on specific items in its business operations. Each group concentrated on own product or serve. This method is now gaining ground in large enterprises, which are expanding the range of products, where the other method would only complicate the structure of the organization. Source(http://www.revisionguru.co.uk/business/design.htm) The Divisional structure .This type of structure is more complicated rather than product based or functional. In the structure company is split up into several self contained business units which are called division, each of which operates as a profit center. Division may engage in production of specific types of products, work in a particular area or on a particular market.C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBDivision.png Source(http://www.bscdesigner.com/setting-up-balanced-scorecard-concept-for-business-hierarchy.htm) Matrix structure is a most complicated organizational structure. Matrix one is combination of two different structures usually line and functional structure. In matrix structure, knowledge and skills of the talented employees could be shared between the functional departments and the project management teams, as needed. In this organization structure, usually employees have two managers to whom they may have to report. Which manager is more powerful-it depends on the type of matrix structure.C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBOrganization Structure3.jpgSource(http://sameh.wordpress.com/2006/05/13/a7/) Organizational culture is a coordinate system that helps employees build their behavior both inside the company and outside of it. This is what unites them values, business philosophy, which includes the mission, vision, general purpose, beliefs and habits. It is an atmosphere which is formed within the group, the rules that a novice should learn to be accepted by the team, norms and traditions that occur over time in the team. Charles Handys organizational culture types. Power a culture that is dominated by the head of the organization has a strong influence over the people. These organizations have a simple structure, few rules and procedures but with well -understood, implicit codes on how to behave and work. They are authoritarian, tightly controlled workers. This type of culture can quickly respond to changing situations, make decisions quickly and organize their implementation. The big disadvantage of power culture is the size of the organization. Therefore, it can be effective only for relatively small firms. The success of the organization with the power culture is entirely determined by abilities and qualifications of head of organization Role in this case members activities are formalized and standardized in details. It is the culture of the bureaucratic type, based on official capacity, a clear system of rules and regulations, the distribution of rights, duties and responsibilities of the members of the organization, which ensures its effective existence for a long time. However, the effectiveness of the role culture firstly depends on the rational division of work and responsibility, and not on individual personalities. Task culture culture, which focuses on successful execution of tasks or projects. The effectiveness of the organization mostrly connected with a high professionalism of employees and cooperative group. Task culture tries to connect the appropriate resources and appropriate staff at the right level and to enable them to do the job well. This culture is characterized by: a high degree of autonomy, evaluation the job by results, informal working relationships within the group, mutual respect based on personal skills.C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBelle-smart-fig-2 (1).jpg Person a culture in which the central point is the individual. The culture exist primarily to serve and help their members. Power in such an organization is based on proximity to resources, professionalism and ability to negotiate. It is only a coordinating nature. Examples of person culture can be law firms, small consulting firms, unions, journalists and architects, etc. Source (http://www.ivoryresearch.com/elle-smart.php) 1.2 What kinds of rules and procedures do you think the department managers will come up with? Which departments will be more formalised? Why? Firstly I want to notice that Jill Thomson made an excellent decision to ask department managers to create new rules and procedures to their area. The first great changing I think will touch the entire procedures. Also the rules will be not the same in whole each department will have different rules. Except this time table for employees will be not flexible as it was. For example employees will not able to come wherever they want between 8:00 and 10 am. Managers have to create time table for each member or divide them for several groups as it shown in the table and breaks as well. # Group Day In Break out 1 A Mon,thue,sat 09:00 13:30-14:30 18:00 2 B Thur.Sun.Wen 11:00 14:30-15:30 20:00 3 Developing department Mon-friday 10:00 14:00 15:00 19:00 4 Mostly changes need in developing department as the company is an innovation company which is produces toys. The sale depends on new product the more new products the more the sale. So the profit directly connected with this department. Jill has to mansion it and pays attention to this department more. First of all the punching machine has to be changed. Also the going down to the local dime store must be returned. Moreover the implementation new toys should be simpler. Supervisors and Managers should give monthly statement about their stuff and work. 1.2 Explain how the relationship between an organisations structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business. Organizational structure can be compared to a foundation of management system, which is built to ensure that all the processes taking place in company implemented in a time and accurately. Thats why there is the enormous attention from leaders of organizations, focusing on the principles and methods of building structures of the organization, the selection of types and species, the study of trends and assessment of relevant tasks of the organization it shows the urgency and importance of the topic in the current conditions. The structure of the organization includes all of the tools that is carried out: -Distribution of activities between the components of the Organization; -Coordination of the activities of these components. Indeed, without the structures employees would simply be unmanageable crowd, or, at best, a set of independent groups, not an organization. Structure one of the main characteristics of the organization regardless of whether it is a tennis club or charity, workers cooperative or a multinational corporation. The main characteristics of the organizational structure is divided into sections (departments, sectors, etc.), as well as accountability and subordination. But there are other features (for example, information systems and numerous procedures for coordination) , which cannot be shown in this scheme. Organizational culture is something for which people have become members of the organization, how are relations between them, what rules and principles of life they share, what they think is good and what is bad, and a lot more of what relates to the values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹of and norms. This not only differentiates one organization from another, but also significantly determines the success of the operation and survival of the organization in the long term. As the culture plays a very important role in the life of the organization, it should be the subject of attention from management. Management is not only consistent organizational culture and is highly dependent on it, but may in turn have an impact on the formation and development of organizational culture. To do this, managers must be able to analyze the organizational culture and influence on its formation and the change in the desired direction. Organizational culture creates internal, spiritual core of the company, promotes team building, creates a sense of awareness among the staff and responsibility for their work. The organizational culture of the team improves and solves problems as personal development of staff and the development of the organization. It is a prerequisite for the formation of stable and efficient working team, a clear vision of the mission of the organization. 1.3 What risks will the company face if it establishes different procedures for different areas? Explain your reasons by analysing the merits and demerits of organic and mechanistic structures with regard to changes proposed by Jill Thompson. I think that the company will not face serious problems with it , because in my opinion Thompson does not want hugely changes , he tries to put the company on right way. First of all if we consider this situation by changing organization structure from organic to mechanistic one we have to know what are they. Mechanistic Organic Individual specialization: Employees work separately and specialize in one task Joint Specialization: Employees work together and   coordinate tasks Simple integrating mechanisms: Hierarchy of authority well-defined Complex integrating mechanisms: task forces and teams are primary integrating mechanisms Centralization: Decision-making kept as high as possible. Most communication is vertical. Decentralization: Authority to control tasks is delegated. Most communication lateral Standardization: Extensive use made of rules Standard Operating Procedures Mutual Adjustment: Face-to-face contact for coordination. Work process tends to be unpredictable Much written communication Much verbal communication Informal status in org based on size of   empire Informal status based on perceived   brilliance Organization is a network of positions,   corresponding to tasks. Typically each   person corresponds to one task Organization is network of persons or teams. People work in different capacities simultaneously and over time Source (http://www.analytictech.com/mb021/organic_vs_mechanistic_structure.htm) The previous structure was mechanic structure. This structure characterized by using formal rules and procedures. In this case all employees of the company must act strictly according to the instructions and do not deviate from them. So in Bosco Plastic all employees had the same rules and procedures. However organic one is not formal, rules can be changed, better adapted to rapid changes in external conditions and the emergence of new technologies. Also employees are treated as certain patterns of behavior, so the emphasis is on motivation, various very complex systems of remuneration and bonuses, benefits package and so on. If youre a good worker and executes corporate or production levels, will give you a bonus to the salary, health insurance, pensions, canteen, cellular pool with a gym. Mostly Bosco looked like a mechanic one in my opinion. The company did not pay attention to employees. The big problem will touch I think supervisors and managers because they will have more duties and responsibilities. For example they have to find different approaches to each employee. Employees will face problems as well. They have to change their habits which they used. Sometimes there are will be misunderstanding but the changings need to this company. 1.3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behaviour at work. According to Michael Mattson and John Ivancevich, the most factors that impact on individual differences in behavioral  patterns  are abilities and skills, perception, demographic factors, attitudes and  personality. Personality usually refers to uniqueness of each person and personal features that make him or her differ from other people. In fact, personality is based on predictability how a person will act or react under different circumstances .Thus, personality affects other people in an organization through interaction. Sometimes mix of different characters can lead to conflict between two or more people which afterwards may decrease effectiveness of team. That is why, leaders of groups should provide teammates with quizzes that can identify their personality. After that people with the same personal features will be work in one group in order to avoid misunderstanding. Perception is the cognitive process by which a person interprets the environment. It is a process of awareness of what is happening around us, through selection of interpretation of information from the external environment. It is a way of forming ideas about themselves and the world. Perception is a filter which helps to analyze information before it will have an impact on people. Everyone is an artist that paints a picture in their minds of the world, which reflected his personal vision of reality. Because of individual differences in preferences, personal qualities, values and interests people often see the same things differently. Managers should take into account the differences in perception. Attitudes and values are main factors that influence individual behavior. Actually, personal attitudes are an integral part within the organization that can influence on positive and negative behavior. Brooks (2003) states that, attitudes based on direct experiences can be very strong and very hard to break. First of all, an attitude includes some emotional elements such as mood, beliefs, opinions and other aspects. In addition there are four types of attitudes such as: organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), job satisfaction, job involvement and organizational commitment (Brooks, 2003). Many people prove that attitudes are not entrenched in our character as deeply as values. For instance, values give us a sense to understand what is good and bad or right and wrong (Brooks, 2003). Besides this, values in organization can create and develop specific corporate culture. Consequently, certain established values will differentiate organizations from their competitors. According to Rock each and Ball-Rockeach (1989) values can be terminal and instrumental. Basically, terminal values are based on peace, security, partnership and other elements. Whereas, instrumental values expressed in a form of behaviour in order to achieve these terminal values. On the other hand, attitudes and values can lead to conflict between individuals and groups. Thus, it will be difficult to establish a certain culture within the organization. Abilities and Skills: Ability is a physical capacity of an individual to do something. Skill can be termed as the ability to act in a way that accepts a person to perform well. Ability and Skills have great impact on the  individual behavior  and performance. An employee can perform well in the company if his skills and abilities are matched with the  job  requirement. The managers are of great relevance in matching the skills and abilities of the employees with the specific  job  requirement. How would you describe the organization culture at Greenscape? Under the different types of culture, what type of culture, do you think, operating in Greenscape? Justify your views with evidence. The Greenscape had grown from a one-person firm into large company with twenty full-time employees working in six to eight crews. The founder of Greenspace , Lita Ong kept organization culture open and friendly. She was aware of employees problems and tried help them. For instance, she got up every morning at five-thirty in order to arrange schedules so that Johnson could get his son out of daycare. By paying attention to needs and problems of employees, she was able to become friends of employees rather than their boss. This helped her to keep its employees loyal to company. When Greenscape went in trouble because of not opened mall, employees did not left organization and they were ready to work without payment. The organization culture in the Greenscape can be described as task culture. It focuses on successful execution of tasks or projects and effectiveness of the organization mostly connected with a high professionalism of employees and cooperative group. This type of organization culture involves high degree of autonomy and informal working relationships within the group which was present in Greenscape. The employees of it were able to concentrate on task fulfillment because their boss was helpful for them. As it was stated in the case study, Lita Ong knew how to deal with her employee Emily when she was depressed because of her boyfriends behavior. This support from Greenscape founder, helped to retain employees in companys hardship. How large can such a company get before it needs to change its culture and structure? And why it is important to change culture and structure? Discuss briefly the benefits and difficulties that Greenscape have to cope with changing its culture and structure as the company gears for its growth. It can be challenging to change the culture of an existing organization than to create a culture in a brand new organization. If organizational culture is already established, people must unlearn the old values and behaviors before they can learn the new ones. The small companies usually have to adopt their culture when they grow bigger. In addition, organization should properly develop future structure of it because one manager cannot handle too many employees. It is essential to employ certain organizational structure such as matrix or divisional. In case of Greenscape, Lita Ong concentrated mostly on short term problems like employee absenteeism or their problems. Lita Ong had to get up early to make schedules which could be delegated to other employee. Lita Ong should more consider businesss long term goals and employ other staff which will deal daily issues. The founder of Greenscape created friendly atmosphere within organization which helped keep employees loyal. This was beneficial to organization because personnel of Greenscape were ready to work month without payment. On the other hand, Lita Ong had difficulties in managing business and employees in the same time. To avoid this kind of difficulties, Lita Ong should more concentrate business development and delegate managing employees to other person. 2.1 Compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations. In our society, every group of people led and influenced by leaders. In every organization, there are leaders who help meet organizations goals. According to Greenberg and Baron (2003), leadership is process when one person influences other members of group toward achievement of specific group or organizational goal. . Besides, leadership has a lot of theories that describes style of management. One of them is behavioral theory. Actually, this concept is focused on what leaders do and how they act in a certain situation. According to Mullins (2005), good leadership includes effective combination of empowerment and delegation. It means that good leader have to able to control and delegate tasks effectively. Study of leadership styles helps to managers of organization avoids many issues like job strikes. There are four leadership styles: Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-faire and Paternalistic. Autocratic leaders do not advice with other their decisions and them but their decision made quickly (mindtools, 2010).C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBleadership(5).jpg Source(http://www.leadershippost.com/) In Autocratic style leaders try to take part in every activity which are happening in the company and try to control everything. All important decision made by them as well. The leader decides how the work has to be done and by whom. The style is most effective in situations where the company, or followers, seem to be drifting aimlessly. According to Dogra (2011) Authoritarian leadership style examples can be found in the real world in people like Bill Gates and John F Kennedy. Bill Gates followed the authoritarian style and steered Microsoft towards unbelievable success. According to Bill Gates, he had a vision when he took reins of the company and then used all the resources available to make that vision a reality. His success can be judged from the way personal computers industry has advanced in America todayC:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBleadership-styles.jpg Paternalistic style is similar to autocratic but here leaders can be consulted by some of their employees before making decision. A famous example of a participative leader is an American  business magnate, television personality and author Donald Trump who manages The Trump Organization. According to : Donald Trump is known for his eccentricity and unconventional businesses practices. He exhibits an unconventional leadership style, which is characterized by many characteristics. One of those is the need for power. This is exhibited by every piece of real estate Mr. Trump owns. Every casino, building or golf course has his name on it. He is eccentric, powerful, but yet he makes very smart business decisions. He is also a risk taker but He always consult with his staf before making decisions   Democratic style is characterized by the distribution of powers, initiative and responsibility between the manager and deputy, leader and subordinates. Leaders make decision with consulting their staff. According to Dogra(2011): Example is a manager has newly joined a firm. He is still learning how various things function in the organization. In such a situation, he relies on the suggestions and opinions of his team members and lets them do the things the way they are used to, till the time he is able to gain sufficient knowledge and can suggest some more feasible changes. Laissez-faire style is characterized by a lack of active participation in the management of a team leader. Such a leader, drifting, waiting for instructions from above or requires or is taken under the collective. Prefer not to take risks, low profile shirk the urgent resolution of conflicts, trying to reduce their personal risk. Work ride, rarely controls it. This leadership style is preferred in creative teams, where employees are different independent and creative individual. C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBleadstyle.jpg Source(http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadstl.html) 2.2 Explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management. Organization theory is the study that analyzes the principles, laws and rules of the organization, its evolution, the mechanisms, the interaction of its parts, impacts of external and internal factors to achieve new goals. Scientific management Scientific management or Taylorism is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows, improving labour productivity. The core ideas of the theory were developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1880s and 1890s, and were first published in his monographs, Shop Management (1905) and The Principles of Scientific Management (1911). Frederick Taylor believed that decisions based upon tradition and rules of thumb should be replaced by precise procedures developed after careful study of an individual at work. Its application is contingent on a high level of managerial control over employee work practices. In scientific management the practical implementation of specific activities preceded by a thorough scientific analysis of work processes and conditions for their implementation, as do practical measures based on the achievements of modern science and best practices. An essential part of the scientific management is division of labor. For proper operation of the company or organization, you must first assign employees to specific jobs and assign each a concrete job functions. This is achieved by selecting the best division of labor and division of the entire scope of work into separate parts, each of which performs a specific employee. According to vectorstudy.com (ND): The four objectives of management under scientific management were as follows: 1. The development of a science for each element of a mans work to replace the old rule-of-thumb methods. 2. The scientific selection, training and development of workers instead of allowing them to choose their own tasks and train themselves as best they could. 3. The development of a spirit of hearty cooperation between workers and management to ensure that work would be carried out in accordance with scientifically devised procedures. 4. The division of work between workers and the management in almost equal shares, each group taking over the work for which it is best fitted instead of the former condition in which responsibility largely rested with the workers. Self-evident in this philosophy are organizations arranged in a hierarchy, systems of abstract rules and impersonal relationships between staff. According to psylist.net (ND): Taylor was one of the first who began to use psychological tests in employment and used observation, interviews and questionnaires as well. He first raised the question about the connection process with the activities and the psyche of people. Bureaucracy Bureaucratic management can be described as a formal system of organization based on clearly defined vertical hierarchical levels and roles in order to maintain efficiency and effectiveness. German sociologist Max Weber was the first who demonstrated the advantages of the bureaucracy as a management system. According to Weber, bureaucracy is the most efficient form of organization. The organization has a well-defined line of authority. It has clear rules and regulations which are strictly followed. Characteristics Of Bureaucratic Organizations Management by rules Management by rules and regulations provides a set of standard operating procedures that facilitate consistency in both organizational and management practices .The activity of each member of the organization subject to regulations aimed at streamlining the process of management. Ideally, these rules should make the predictability of each employee and the organization. Although the rules can be modified, but, in general, they should be stable over time. Division of labor Every employee has certain responsibilities and scope of work, which cannot duplicate the scope of the powers of other members. Formal hierarchical structure Bureaucratic structure of the organization can be compared to a pyramid: the majority is in its base, and a minority at the top. Each person included in this vertical hierarchy, led by lower people and, in turn, is subject to a higher. As a result it helps to monitor the activities of each member organization. Written documents All actions, rules and decisions taken by the organization are formulated and recorded in writing. Written documents ensure that there is continuity of the organizations policies and procedures. 2.3 Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organizations. Approach to the management includes goals, laws, principles, methods and functions, management technology and practice management. Types: human relations approach; systems approach; contingency approach The Human Relations Approach emphasizes the importance of human needs in the workplace, and the consideration of management practice and job d

The Person Whom I Like Most

The person whom I like most Life is very difficult. Once it brings us happy. Once it brings us worry. Those are the ways of life. The personnel who live with us change their behavior according to situations. Most of people like to share only happiness. When we happened to face worry they simply escaped. But I met one person in this world being with me happy, as well as worry. She was not any other than my mother. Name of my mother is D. M. Bandaramanike. She was born in my village too. She was a grate mother for seven children.I think it is a pleasure to be one of them. Now, my mother is passing her Sixty Seven year of age. But she is in a good health. Still she is doing her all works herself. I was able to succeed a lot of goals in my life. I think, I am a perfect man than others in this world. Today I am satisfied with my education, knowledge and position that I have in this society. I think, behind all these, was my mother. Her guidance made me a perfect man. She did not punish me in my life. She advised me to be a good man.Her advice was not to learn everything in the books. She taught me if I could understand what happen â€Å"you are a good, intelligent man†. My aim is to be such kind of a person in this society. My mother gave me a lot of love, faith, kindness and such things. Those things helped me to succeed in my life. Now the time has come to give my love, faith and kindness to my mother. I hope to be friend for my mother. Today, that is my major responsibility I wish her, to be the mother forever. P. M. T. U. Bandara

Good News Bible The Testament And The New Testament

The term â€Å"Bible† is an interesting one as it potentially encompasses many different entities. There are thousands of versions of the Bible, many arranged and presented in a variety of ways. They vary physically in content, and as I recently discovered aren t necessarily Christian. Below I delve into a rather interesting version of the book published in 1976 by HarperCollins (in conjunction with the American Bible Society). Good News Bible is a compilation of the Old Testament and the New Testament in their entirety (the American Bible Society had actually made their version of the New Testament available a decade prior). This information is made easily available in small print on the first few pages just as in most relatively modern books. The society was founded in 1816 and its goal has always been to make the Bible more intelligible. The stories contained within the Good News Bible don t deviate from those that most Christians are accustomed to, however, the way which these stories are conveyed is rather unique. The book is written in simple everyday English and it is comprehensible to nearly everyone with even the slightest grasp of the language. The basic elements of the book (including cover, binding, paper, font, headings, maps, paper, illustrations, chronology, etc.) are all incorporated deliberately and make it apparent that Good News Bible is intended to make reading the Bible a far less daunting task. Good News Bible is distinctive, because it embodies aShow MoreRelatedHistory of the Bible Essay1727 Words   |  7 PagesCanonization of the Bible The process by which the English Bible, as it is known to the English culture today, was compiled is an extraordinary thing to see. The Bible consists of two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The process by which both Testaments were written and then canonized into one book transpired over a period of many years. Once the canonization of the Bible officially came to an end, it was translated into English. Since then, many versions of the modern Bible have been madeRead MoreThe Old Testament Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Old Testament can be very hard for many people to look to for guidance. The difficulty often comes because the questions they have in today’s society may not relate to the Old Testament. â€Å"Much biblical scholarship is narrowly historical-critical and does not seek to draw out the ethical-theological dimensions of the text.† (297) Pastors have the task of relating the Old Testament to today’s problems and it can be quite a challenge. Addressing moral issues is a difficult issueRead MoreHow We Got The Bible1382 Words   |  6 PagesHow We Got the Bible Ever since I was born I have been attending church. At this young age they teach you everything about the main stories or the main points of the Bible. At my church I learned stories from Noah’s ark to the story of Adam and Eve eating the apple from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. I learned about who was the narrator of the Bible and who created our earth. I never knew who were the people that printed out the pages or chose a specific font for the Bible. I didn’t haveRead MoreThe Old Testament And New Testament1704 Words   |  7 Pagesread the Old Testament to discover the story and character of God that is concealed within the pages of the Old Testament stories. By taking a little time to understand the context of the stories in the Old Testament readers can see the faithfulness, loving nature, and kindness of God. Most times people are dissuaded from reading the Old Testament books because they assume God is mean and harsh within those pages, but that simpl y isn’t the truth. God is revealed in every story in the Bible – Old TestamentRead MoreThe Bible Is The Best Gift God Essay1225 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bible, although written by man is God s word to the world. The unity showed in the bible over such a long period of time, and over multiple continents is proof that it was written by something more than just a mere human, and that it was instead written by someone with divine power. The bible’s timeline spans centuries, but the impact that the bible has will continue indefinitely. Although there are millions of believers there is also almost an equal amount of skeptics. Because no physical evidenceRead MoreThe Old Testament And New Testament1373 Words   |  6 Pagesof studies in the New Testament. The New Testament catches many attentions because it describes Jesus’ life and birth of the church. As people focus more on the New Testament, the Old Testament is viewed as an unnecessary book to read. Chris tians have debated whether the Old Testament is needed to be read. Many Christians have claimed that the Old Testament is unnecessary to the biblical study with the New Testament containing all the study materials needed. Even so, Old Testament is vital literatureRead MoreCapital Punish Relating to The Old Testament Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pages Why do some christians agree with the capital punishment? Some Christians feel that the Bible has spoken to the conflict, but many believe that the New Testament replaces the Old Testament law. Skimming through the Old Testament you can find many cases in which God orders the use of capital punishment, with the acts of God Himself. God was somehow involved directly or maybe indirectly, in the taking of life as a punishment for Israel or whomever threatened or harm the city of Israel. In GenesisRead MoreBoring s Introduction Of The New Testament898 Words   |  4 PagesBoring’s Introduction to the New Testament, was a very interesting book. It detailed just about everything you would want to know about the New Testament and then some. He left no stone unturned in taking you deep into the history of every book and just about every writer that wrote the books of the New Testament. Boring is a very detailed writer, he takes you beyond what you think that you might know and in his own way breaks it down in a kind of complex way. The title explains the subject justRead More You Promised Us Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pagesthat New Testament writers use to connect the Hebrew Bible with the Christian New Testament. Fulfillment deals with the very words of the prophets who, according to New Testament writers, verbally predicted events that the Messiah would accomplish. Typology is similar, yet it is not a prediction, nor does it directly correlate to future events in the manner that fulfillment does. Rather, it is simply an event from the Hebrew Bible that is said to foreshadow another event in the Christian New TestamentRead MoreReflection Of The Old Testament741 Words   |  3 Pagesof the most marked and hopeful signs of our time is the increasing attention given on all sides to the study of Holy Scripture. Those who believe and love the Bible, who have experienced its truth and power, can only rejoice at such an issue.† The Bible is a tool that can be used to assist in positive living and assist in living a morally good life. If taught correctly, meaning not used to manipulate people for self-satisfaction, it can be a timeless tool that can go from generation to generation.